Tirukkuralconstitutes one of the most important literary works in Tamil. It is generallyreckoned that Kural was composed during the Sangam Period of literary developmentin Tamil (500-200 BC). Kural continues to be important today, in the twentyfirstcentury, for scholars believe that Kural conveys many many important messagesto the society. International interest in the study of Kural can be tracedto the second half of the Nineteenth century.

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TNPSC Group IV, VAO, Group II, TET Exam, Model Question papers, Free Online Test, 10th Tamil, Constitution of India, Group 4 Model Question Paper. 6 Page www.appolosupport.com PH: 05, 24339436 Which pair of two flowers are mentioned in Thirukural? Anicham, Mullai b. NO BOOK NO AUTHOR TITLE PUBLISHER EDIT ION 24380 2 T KALKI KK ‐ KALKI T.K.C. NINAIVU MALAR KALKI 1 1955 0 24391 13 T PAKEERATHAN KK ‐ PAKEERATHAN THOKUPPU KALKI 1 0 0 NIL R2‐TOP 24392.

This comprehensivereference has been made possible due to the availability of the Multilingualsoftware from IIT Madras. Visitors to these pages should be able to viewthe text in Tamil script on most graphic enabled web browsers. The presentationsare unique and one of a kind on the web.

Introductionto Tirukkural

Tirukkural is a masterpieceof Tamil literature, composed during the last of the three Sangam eras.While it has not been possible to exactly date the work, the referenceto Kural in the great epics Manimekalai and Silappadhikaram give us someidea of when it would have been composed.

About Tiruvalluvar

Not much is knownabout Tiruvalluvar, the author of the work though it is believed that hewas born in Mylaopore (Chennai, Tamilnadu) and belonged to the weaver community.He is also known by several other names e.g., Nayanar, Theivappulavar,Perunavalar. The work itself is often called Tamil Marai, a reference toits identification with the Vedas.

HistoricalInformation

It is believed thatValluvar composed the work on request from his close friend and studentby name Elela Singan. Upon completion, Valluvar took the work to Madurai,as per the prevailing practice of reading out new compositions in a publicforum where critics and scholars would be present.

The conceited scholars atMadurai, insisted on measuring the greatness of the work through a testwhere the manuscript would be placed with other works on a plank kept afloatin the tank of the great temple and it was to be seen if the plank remainedafloat. The significance of this is that the greatness of a work is realizedon the basis of not the weight of its manuscript (written on Palm leaves)but the devine qualities of the work which foced the plank to stay afloat.

It is said that tothe amazement of the critics, the Sangam Plank shrunk itself in size tohold only the Kural manuscript and in the process throwing out the rest.

There is also a beliefthat Valluvar and the great poetess Auvaiyar were siblings and it was Auvaiyarwho went one step ahead of what had been said about Kural earlier. Idaikkadarhad praised Kural with a reference that the greatness of Kural is suchthat Valluvar had packed inside a mustard seed, the essence of all knowledgefrom the broad world spanned by seven seas. Auvaiyar had substituted theterm kadugu (mustard) by Anu (meaning an atom). It is interesting to notethat the concept of Atom had already been established in the Tamil countrytwo thousand years ago!

Kural- statistics

Tirukkural is a workof 1330 couplets each of which conforms to the structure of 'Kural Venba',a grammatical construction with two lines offour and three words respectively.The work is arranged in 133 Adhikarams, each with 10 couplets. The 133Adhikarams are divided into three major groups known as 'Aram', 'Porul'and 'Inbam'. Aram represents Virtue, Porul defines the principles of Lifefor common people as well as the State.The last section deals withaspects of Love. The overall organization of Tirukkural is as follows,based on seven ideals prescribed for people followed by observations onLove.

40 couplets on God, Rain,Virtue and Ascetics.
200 couplets on DomesticVirtue
140 couplets on Higher Virtuebased on Grace
250 couplets on Royalty
100 couplets on Ministersof State
220 couplets on the Essentialrequirements of Administration
130 couples on Morality,both positive and negative
250 couplets on Human Loveand Passion

Listof Adhikarams

The list provides the titles of the 133 Adhikarams (in Tamil script).

Inpraise of Kural

Today, one also reads an appendix to thework where great men had praised the author. This appendix is known as'Tiruvalluva Malai' or the 'Garland of Valluvar'. It has fiftythree versesfrom fiftythree different poets spanning several centuries. This appendixis a goldmine of information about Tirukkural. ThiruvalluvaMalai is presented in an independent page with the text in the Tamilscript.

Thirukkural

Tirukkuṟaḷ (Tamil: திருக்குறள் also known as the Kural), sometimes spelt 'Thirukkural, is a classic of couplets or Kurals (1330 rhyming Tamil couplets) or aphorisms.^[1][2] It was authored by Thiruvalluvar, a poet who is said to have lived anytime between 2nd century BCE and 5th century CE.^[3] Most believe he wrote Thirukkural in 30 BC which is part of Tamil Sangam Period. It is one of the Tamil books of Law.

The Thirukkural is one of the most important works in the Tamil language. This is reflected in some of the other names by which the text is known: Tamil marai (Tamil Vedas); poyyamozhi (words that never fail); and Deiva nool (divine text).^[4] The book is considered to precede Manimekalai and Silapathikaram since they both acknowledge the Kural text.^[5]

Thirukkural (or the Kural) is a collection of 1330 Tamil couplets organised into 133 chapters. Each chapter has a specific subject ranging from 'ploughing a piece of land' to 'ruling a country'. It preaches simplicity and truth throughout its verses.

It has been translated to various other languages.^[6] Many Tamil researchers and scholars including G.U. Pope have translated the Tirukkuṟaḷ to English.

Sections

Thirukkural is structured into 133 chapters, each containing 10 couplets, thus a total of 1330 couplets.^[7] The 133 chapters are grouped into three sections:^[7][8]

• (Tamil: அறம், aram^?) righteousness
• (Tamil: பொருள், poruḷ^?) wealth and
• (Tamil: இன்பம், inbam^?) love

While Aram and kaamam discuss about ethical living in private life, Porul deals with public affairs.

According to the LIFCO Tamil-Tamil-English dictionary, the Tamil word Kural literally means 'short verse', and is typified by the Venpa metre that consists of two lines. In the aspect of metre & brevity, and the profoundity of expression, Thirukkural comes under one of the four categories of Venpas (Tamil verses) called Kural Venpa.

A couplet or Kural consists of seven cirs, with four cirs on the first line and three on the second. A cir is a single or a combination of more than one Tamil word. For example, Thirukkural is a cir formed by combining the two words Thiru and Kural, i.e. Thiru + Kural = Thirukkural.

Aram contains 380 verses, Porul with 700 and Inbam with 250.^[7]Couplets and the topics go like this:40 couplets on God, Rain, Virtue and Ascetics,200 couplets on Domestic Virtue,140 couplets on Higher Virtue based on Grace,250 couplets on Royalty,100 couplets on Ministers of State,220 couplets on the Essential requirements of Administration,130 couples on Morality, both positive and negative,250 couplets on Human Love and Passion.

The Authorship and period of composition

There are claims and counter claims as to the authorship of the book and to the exact number of couplets written by Thiruvalluvar. The first instance of the author's name mentioned as Thiruvalluvar is found to be several centuries later in a song of praise called Garland of Thiruvalluvar in Thiruvalluva Malai.^[9]

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Other names and Praises

Thirukural is praised with many names such as:^[10]

1. Uttaravedam - the post-Vedam (uttara = later / post, vedam = Veda)
2. Poyyamozhi - Statements devoid of untruth
3. Vayurai vazhthu - truthful utterances
4. Deyvanool - the divine book
5. Pothumarai - the common-man's Veda
6. Muppal - threefold path
7. Tamil marai - Tamil Veda

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Commentaries

There were several commentaries written on Thirukkural but the most popular one in Tamil has been that of Parimelazhagar.'Parimelazhagar urai' or 'Commentary of Parimelazhagar' has been a standard benchmark for rendering the meaning of Thirukkural in Tamil for many centuries. There are other extant older commentaries by Kaalingar, Manakudavar, Pariperumal and Paridhiyar. There are also commentaries, which are not available now, by Dharumar, Thaamachar, Nachar, Thirumalaiyar, Mallar, and Kaviperumal.

Translations

The Latin translation of Thirukkural made by Constanzo Beschi in 1730 did much to make known to European intellectuals the richness and beauty of Oriental Tamil literature. One of the earliest commentaries on the Thirukkural was by Parimelazhagar, belonging to the 12th century. His commentary (Urai) give us an idea of the amount of information contained in each and every kural. A lot of software are available these days for installing Kurals in desktops. The software based Kural (poem) changes each day and you get the kural and its explanation in both English and Tamil.

An English Translation of Tirukural by GU Pope brought the Tirukkural to the western world in 1886.^[11] This work is the first translation to the English language.

The following is a list of translations/commentaries of the Tamil literary classic THIRUKURAL - taken out from the Encyclopaedia of Tamil Literature, vol. 1, Inst. of Asian Studies, Thiruvanmayur, Tamil Nadu, India.

01) Arabic02) Bangla03) Burmese04) Chinese05) Czech06) Dutch07) English08) Fiji09) Finnish10) French11) German12) Gujarati13) Hindi14) Hungarian 15) Italian16) Japanese17) Kannada18) Konkani19) Korean20) Latin21) Malay22) Malayalam23) Marathi24) Nederlands25) Norwegian26) Oriya27) Polish28) Punjabi29) Rajasthani30) Russian31) Sanskrit32) Saurashtra33) Sinhalese34) Spanish35) Swedish36) Telugu37) Urdu

• Nalini Mohan, Sanyal, thirukural, Calcutta, 1939
• Sastri, E.C., thirukural, Calcutta, 1974
• Krishnamoorthy, S. Calcutta, 2001

• Dr Malini Goswami, thirukural, Assam Publication Board, Guwahati 2012

• Myo Thant, U, thirukkural, Rangoon

• Cheng Xi 程曦, Gula Zhenyan 古臘箴言, Hong Kong: Xianggang daxue chubanshe 香港大學出版社, 1967.
• Yu Hsi, Taipei, Taiwan, 2 December 2010. Book released by Former President of India, Dr APJ Abdulkalam.

• Zvelebil, Kamil V, Thirukural (selections), Prague, 1952–1954

• Kat, D, Thirukural (selections), Netherlands, 1964

• V.V.S, Kural_: Maxims of thiruvalluvar, 4th ed, Madras, 1961
• Balasubramanian, K.M, Thirukural of thiruvalluvar, Madras, 1962
• Chakravarthi, A, thirukural in English with commentary, Madras, 1953
• Drew, H.W., The kural of thiruvalluvar with commentary of Parimelazhakar, Madras, 1840
• Drew, H.W. and Lazarus, J., Thirukural (in verses), Reprint, Madras, 1956
• Ellis, F.W., thirukural on virtue (in verse) with commentary, 1812, reprint Madras 1955
• Gajapathy Nayagar, A, The rosary of gems of thirukkural, Madras, 1969
• Stalin Srinivasan, Thirukural: an ancient Tamil classic (in couplets), Bombay, 1969
• Mathavaiyah, A, Kural in English with commentary in Tamil, Madras, 1925
• Michael, S.M., The sacred aphorisms of thiruvalluvar (in verse), Nagarcoil, 1928
• Muthuswamy, P, Thirukural in English, Madurai, 1965
• Parameswaran Aiyar, T.V., 108 gems from the sacred Kural, Kottayam, 1928
• Parameswaran Pillai, V.K., kural, Madras
• Pope, G.U, A collection of the English translation of thirukural, Madras, 1959
• Popely, H.A., The sacred Kural (selections in verses), Calcutta, 1951
• Raja, P, thirukural (in verses), Kumbakonam, 1950
• Rajagopalachari, C, kural, the great book of thiruvalluvar, Madras, 1937, 3rd ed, 1973
• Ramachandra Dikshithar, V.R., thirukural in English with roman translation, Madras, 1949
• Ranganatha Muthaliar, A: thirukural moolamum uraiyum with English translation, Madras, 1933
• Thangaswami, T.D, thirukural (selections in verse), Madras, 1954
• Thirunavukarasu, Mrs, T., Kural a selection of 366 verses (a gem for each day), Poona, 1916
• Vadivel chettiar, K, kural in English with Tamil text and parimelazhakar commentary,(3parts), Madurai, 1972–1980
• Vanmikinathan, G, the thirukural - a unique guide to moral, material and spiritual prosperity, trichy, 1969
• Yogi Shuddananda Bharati, Thirukural with English couplets, Madras, 1968
• Yogi Shuddananda Bharati, Thirukural couplets with clear prose rendering, Madras, 1970

• Berwick, S.L, Na. Thirukkurala, Fiji, 1964
• Geraghty, Paul. Tirukurali, Fiji, 2008

• Aalto, Pentit, Kural - the ancient Tamil classic, Finland, 1972

• Ariel, M, kural de thiruvalluvar (traduits du tamoul), Paris, 1848
• Barrigue de, Fontaineu, G, le livre de l'amour de thiruvalluva, Paris, 1889
• Danielou, Alain, thiruvallouvar kural, Pondicherry, 1942
• Jacolliot, Louis, kural de thiruvalluvar, selections, Paris, 1767
• Lamairesse, M, thirukural in French, Pondicherry, 1867
• Gros, François, Le Livre de l'Amour, Gallimard, Collection UNESCO, Paris, 1992
• Sangeelee, M, Tiroukkoural, Editions de L'Ocean Indien, 1988

• Albrecht, Fenz and K. Lalithambal: thirukural von thiruvalluvar aus dem Tamil, Madurai, 1977
• Albert Schweitzer
• Cammera, A.F, thirukural waith German translation, Leipzig, 1803
• Graul, Karl, der kural des thiruvalluvar, London, 1854
• Graul, Karl, der tamu lische gnomes dichtar thiruvalluvar, Leipzig, 1865
• Rickert, Friederich, thirukural, selections, Berlin, 1847
• William and Norgate, Der kural des thiruvalluvar, 2nd ed, London, 1866

• Kalani, Kantilal L., thirukural in Gujarati, Bombay, 1971 (Gujarti - Philosopher - Writer in Gujarati Literature - [1930-1998].

• Sankar Raju Naidu, S, thirukural in Hindi, Madras, 1958
• Seshadri, K, thirukural in Hindi, Lucknow, 1982
• Govindarai Shastri Jain, Kural in verse, first two parts, New Delhi, 1942
• Jain, B.D, thirukural, thirupananthal, 1961
• Khenand Rakar, thirukural, parts 1 and 2, Ajmer, 1924
• Rajan Pillai, thirukural, Lucknow, 1976
• Venkatakrishnan, M.G, thirukural, Trichy, 1964

• Shuzo Matsunaga, Thirukkural, Osaka, Japan, August 1981

Kannada

• Gundappa, L, thirukural (3 parts), Madras, 1960
• Gundappa, L, thirukural dharma bhaga, Bangalore, 1955
• Srinivas, P.S, thirukural with original couplets and translations in Kannada, Madurai, 1982
• Srikanthaiah, B.M, Kural (selections in verses), bangalore, 1940

• Graul, Charles, Kural of thiruvalluvar, Tranquebar, 1866
• Veeramamunivar, thirukural (Books I and II), London, 1730 [1]

• Dr.G.Soosai Ph.D,J.P.,P.P.N,P.K.T.,Thirukkural Kitab Murni Tamil Nadu.,Kuala Lumpur,1978 & 1991
• Ismail, Hussein: thirukural sastera kalasik Tamil yang, Kuala Lumpur, 1967
• Ramily Bin Thakir thirukural (in verses), Kuala Lumpur, 1964

• Azhakathu Kurup, thirukural in verses, Trivandrum, 1875
• Balakrishna Nair, G, Kural waith commentary, Part I, Trivandrum, 1963
• Chellan Nadar, K, thirukural tharmanaskantam, Parassala, 1962
• Damodaran Pillai,P, thirukural manikal, Trivandrum, 1951
• Gopalakurup, Vennikulam, thirukural (first 2 parts in verse), Kottayam, 1960
• Govinda Pillai, A, thirukural, Trivandrum
• Thirukkural Malayalam Vivarthanam Published by DC Books Kottayam Written By S. Ramesan Nair

• Kishrod, Dash Ch, thirukuralu-in oriya language, Sampalbur, 1985

• Ram Murti Sharma, thirukural dhamma granth of the tamils, Chandigarh, 1983

• Umadevi, Wandy Dynowskiev, thiruvalluvar kural, Madras, 1958

• Kamala Gurg, thirukural needhi sastra, Jaipur, 1982

• Glazov, J.J. and Krishnamurthi, A, thirukural, a book on virtu, politics and love, Moscow, 1963
• Ibragimov, A., Thirukural in couplets with illustrations, Moscow, 1974

• Govindarai Shastri Jain, Kural in verse, first two parts, New Delhi, 1942.
• Srirama Desikan, S.N, thirukural in Sanskrit slokas, Madras, 1961, 1968

• Ram, S.S, Saurastra thirukural payiram - pitika pragaranam, Madurai, 1980

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• De Silva, Charles, Sirigiya (thirukural in sinhalese), Colombo, 1964
• Sissigamy Govokgada, M, thirukural, Colombo, 1961

• Frykholm Ingya, thirukural, Uddavalla, 1971

• Jagannatha Sastri, Mudiganthi, thiruvalluvar sookthulu, West Godavari, 1952
• Lakshminarayana Sastri, Kural, chittoor, 1906

• Kohan, Muhamad Yusuf, Kural in Urdu and Arabic, Madras, 1976
• Surawathi Hasarat, Kural in Urdu, New Delhi, 1966

Quotations (English translation)

• Something may not be achievable even by God or through God's help. But the effort exerted to attain that non-achievable will yield its deserving result!

• Though the world goes round with many activities, it is dependent on agriculture. Hence, though laborious, farming is the foremost activity.

• As water changes its nature, from the nature of the soil in which it flows, so will the character of men resemble that of their associates.

• Friendship is not just a smile on the face; It is what is felt deep within a smiling heart.

• The stalks of water-flowers are proportionate to the depth of water; so is men's greatness proportionate to their minds (Knowledge).

• Avoid an act which you may repent later; If done by mistake, better not to repeat it.

• Whatever is thought to be done will be achieved as planned, if the planners possess firmness in execution.

• Excessive or deficient food or activity causes disorders in mobility, breathing and digestion.

• Agriculturists are the linchpin of the mankind since they support all others who cannot till the soil.

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• The learned teacher makes you enjoy learning; On leaving, makes you to keep thinking of his teaching.

• Think and then undertake the work; to think after commencement will bring disgrace.

• Determined efforts result in prosperity; Idleness will bring nothing.

• Defer not virtue to another day; receive her now; and at the dying hour she will be your undying friend.

• Water will flow from a water well in proportion to the depth to which it is dug, and knowledge will flow from a man in proportion to his learning.

• That which God gives, nobody can ban. That which God bans, nobody can give.. If any one do wrong thing for you, do good thing for them.

See also

• A Letter to a Hindu by Leo Tolstoy in which he's referred as The Hindu Kural

References

• Subramaniyam, Ka Naa, Tiruvalluvar and his Tirukkural. Bharatiya Jnanpith: New Delhi 1987.
• P. S. Sundaram, The Kural. Penguin Books: London, 1990.
• Blackburn, Stuart. (2000). Corruption and Redemption: The Legend of Valluvar and Tamil Literary History. Modern Asian Studies, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 449–82, May 2000.
• Yogi Shuddhananda Bharati (1897), Thirukkural with English Couplets - Tamil Chandror Peravai: Chennai.(15 May 1995)
• Thirukkural with English Couplets by Tamil Chandror Peravai (Translated by Yogi Shuddhananda Bharati [1897]), Tamil Chandror Peravai, 26 Sardar Patel Road, Adyar, Chennai - 600 020
• Drew, W.H, Translated by John Lazarus, Thirukkural (Original in Tamil with English Translation), ISBN 81-206-0400-8
• Thirukkural with English Couplets by Editions ASSA, L'Auberson (Translated by Dr. Shuddhananda Bharati [1897-1990]), ISBN 978-2-940393-17-6

Notes

External links

• Thiruvalluvar's Thirukkural in Tamil
• Best English to Tamil Dictionary
• http://www.kurals.com World Largest Online Thirukural Community,e-learning for children's.
• Thirukkural Oli Pathipu: Thirukkural Audio book

• Thirukural on Android by Premanand
• Thirukural App for iPhone
• Thirukkural App for Symbian
• Thirukkural App for Windows 8
• Thirukurals - Tamil, English & Transliteration (searchable)
• Tirukkural of Tiruvalluvar - English Translation
• Complete list of Thirukkural
• Thirukkural for Mobile phones
• திரு மு.வரததாசனார், திரு மு.கருணாநிதி மற்றும் பலர் எழுதிய உரைகளின் தொகுப்பு ஆங்கில விளக்கத்துடன்
• IIT Madras site
• Thirukkural with English translation
• Thirukkural in Tamil with Explanation
• Thirukural - Another site which is categorized by chapters
• Another site which provides informations about thirukkural 2011 an education expo and mega job fair for all students in coimbatore
• Follow ThirukurlADay in Twitter. Get a Thirukural a day
• Thirukkural with english couplets translated by Dr. Shuddhananda Bharati, Editions ASSA, L'Auberson
• Thirukkural in Tamil & English with Explanation
• Thirukkural Online Video Lessons